aion classic ranger stigma build. Stigmas IV. aion classic ranger stigma build

 
 Stigmas IVaion classic ranger stigma build True true, but when i look at the dps tree for chanters, you will find our highest skill talking about all ADV stigs/daeva, you will find that our highest skill is Resonating Dance 3

A quick overview of the Full DPS Stigmas i use for chanter, and the skillbar setup. Signet Boxes will give you a random heart piece, with the Signet Piece: N being slightly more rare. She said that the Artifact of Time and Space, which kept the collapsing Fortress frozen in time, was malfunctioning. This class may indeed be the most vulnerable one in Aion Classic. . Check the other Custom Skill videos in this playlist:you everyone for watching. The target is sometimes stunned for 3s. Well, i'll try do share some of my experience as Chanter. Aggression radius: 10m. I officially have each one of every class lvl 61+. Sorcerer Stigma. This was ok in retail 2009 cause you needed weeks to level up, not here where some people are already 50 in 2 days. You'll excel if you have people around you with good communication. Plan your next moves and dominate the game like a pro!You will get that vision stigma. 5 and since 4. If you go with full attack manastones, even with full leg. - Explosive Arrow. Stigma calculator for Aion classic. simple update: after some weeks of Pvping with all3 gears: - full mag att mana stone (gear identified : att, crit, HP, healing boost) - full magic res mana stone (gear id : mag def, mag resist, HP, healing boost) - full dodge mana stone (gear id : dodge, phys def, hp, healing boost and block when available)BFAD灬因为有你 - Baby Don't Know WhyThey were created for Aion Classic during the NA release and should be relatively recent. 1 780. Back then I played Templar, as I liked tanks (nowadays I'm more of a glass cannon guy, how things change xD). A +10 30e ap set socketted with crit and hp will give you, when under chanter buff, somewhere between 9k and 10k hp. II. In Aion, there are three basic ways to enchant your gear. 2 contents and 2. New Outfit : Arditeir ( Valk, Drak, Ranger, Guardian ) r/blackdesertonline •. 8 and after) Purpose of this thread: sharing stigma builds for different classes, and hopefully explaining their purpose to those new to Aion (or returning from a long, long break). The 3 slots can be unlocked by doing the right quests and Advanced Stigma Stones can only be equipped if. There are many guides, many different opinions but I’ve managed to find 2. Deals 16~20 physical damage to the target. The first one ends at level 50 - people stop doing blue quests because they dont need exp anymore and because it is the most boring thing you can do in the game. . 2. They are very difficult to replace, and their role in the party is highly important. Watch me Live on Twitch at: build:. x from 2020 in KR != Aion vanilla 1. Scattered throughout the zones, you will also find herbs that can be gathered. Yes, Aion Live servers are dead but Aion Classic EU is a new game incoming soon. Also, the multiple builds is just buying more stigmas and switching them out. Either way, you'll only die tired. In the mainhand you want a dagger, this will allow you to attack the fastest and it has 100 base crit and also the highest weapon crit multiplier in the game. From Intense Battle to Silent Black feather you get an extra 110 Attack. Posted September 15, 2021. Green 1:Stone Scour / Earthen Call (PvE / PvP) Green 2: Cyclone of wrath. Gladiator Stigma. Aion Classic brings you back to historic Atreia, beautiful but ravaged by the endless war between Light and Dark. I use: Annihilation, Leaping Flash, Word of Life, Blessing of Wind, Mountain Crash, Numbing Blow and then for my two extra slots: Word of Inspiration and Soul Lock. Manatone builds, Idian options and Stigma Builds (Lumiel only) A. 0 (Classic) 1. Can use 1-handed weapon (sword or mace) and shield for blocking physical attacks. Recovers HP by 35% and increases Maximum HP by 35% and Strike Fortitude by 500 for 1m. Avoid ranged classes unless you get "ankle snare" stigma. I assume the sh**show will be strong with Gameforge as soon executioner class gets released (atleast for ppl that really seek for. Class Discussion. It will be updated frequently to reflect changes brought by patches and new. PvE as a. Contents. - Hymn of Rejuvenation (Songweaver) 1. Kromede-KT. I use a Blazing Trap Stigma at +12 (+9 + 3). This guide contains basics to help you enjoy Aion, and progress through levels and quests. I'm not entirely sure when I stopped playing Aion but what I can say with a lot of confidence is that these guides will be completely relevant for the Aion Classic servers. Normal stigmas: focused shots, arrow deluge, bow. Players start out as Technists, and become Gunslingers upon Ascension. Posted November 11, 2019. vengeful strike, adv DW, sharp strike, improved stamina, draining blow, crippling cut and severe weakening blow. I realize there has been quite a lot of changes, in gear and stigmas among other things and yet another update is coming in August. Templar PvP Stats - Classic. I mained both Cleric and Chanter and Cleric had an entire stigma line devoted to DPS. Last patch I played was 5. - Aiming I. The second one is nerfed to the ground by ~90% by Gameforge. ago. NOTE: This page shows only base skill damage values for a character without any equipment. Currently there are 325 Ranger Skills quests documented. Create your unique PVPE stigma build to triumph over either in-abyss monsters or even just a fictional 3D friend!You can also be the highest DPS in PvE with dual-wielding set. Play Style []. I just got 45 and noticed that there is an issue with Bestial Fury. Manastones Builds - Priority from left to right. Only skill you cant do while moving is Explosive Arrow now. Spiritmaster is one of the most powerful classes of Aion Classic! Specific thing about this class is that it can summon and control spirits formed of natural. In todays video I will show you all stigma. Get your Aion Classic gear on point with our easy-to-use gear calculator. will reward you with resounding victory, and failure results in soul. Elyos have much better skillset: silence, 2x more magic resists, etc. We can trap the mob and use a poison trap then back away and heal up. on my sorc 30/50 where magic accuracy/magic boost builds that also worked well for PvE while 40 was a magic resist/magic. Equip in a Stigma slot to use the Bestial Fury I skill. Current Live Version: 84. Oxicodon • 6 mo. Make sure to invest CP in the Archdaeva kamikaze, its a sizable damage boost in PvE and doesn't. LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you like the video!Follow me on Twitch: Classic EU have many kind of manastones and its very. 235. Classes would be too powerful by themselves. Vandal Stigma Build. 6 Range 2. Manatone builds, Idian options and Stigma Builds (Lumiel only) A. GG to all in the vidAnd usually you'll find Bard, Templar and Chanter at the end. Aion Classic Stigma Calculator - 2. . Cast. It's much better in PvP. Executing your. 6 has hardly any massive adjustments to ballance or gameplay for Ranger above 4. I made a video giving a basic break down on Stigmas I use for end game PVE instances. Assassins are also excellent in disabling and locking down their targets. 2. hitting. 1 Signature Skills 3. Gladiator is a perfect pick for a player that enjoys playing a tank within a group, but doesn’t want to be an aggro-drawing punching bag glued to their position on the front line. <Stigma Tuner>. These abilities go hand in hand, as an expert Assassin can sneak up on his target and burst it down before his target can. There is no way to have like different tabs to switch between builds,. Enraging Arrow I. Blinding Burst I. Rinse and Repeat. My chanter in aion at the beginning could solo heal most instances (dredgion/upper abyss instances/the instance where extendable staff dropped) Only the higher instance (forget name) was too much. Inflicts [Weapon Min]~ [Weapon Max] physical damage on the target, and you are pushed back 25m. GitLab. After best Spiritmaster stigma setup for: Udas U/L Besh HM Dark Poeta S Rank Currently using a split stigma build that includes Infernal Pain but also Armor spirit from the other line to ensure 100% chance of erosion landing on target. 7/13. Chanter Stigma. Also macc helps your godstone as well, because even godstones can be resisted (blind, silence, etc). Lahn, Woosa, Maegu, Tamer new outfit. 0 skills and stigmas gives you full feel of your character in pvp and PVE No more fly PVP/SiegeGladiator is currently pretty broken in classic. After you turn in this quest use Return to go back to the campsite. Update Scheduled: March 23. Aion Classic brings you back to historic Atreia, beautiful but ravaged by the endless war between Light and Dark. 770. "Chase me or run away. Several things are important for a ranger : weaving. Equipment calc LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you like the video!Follow me on Twitch: Classic EU release is now officially confirmed for ea. Aion Classic. Manastones Builds - Priority from left to right. Quick reaction and some multitasking will be essential when. See a Stigma Master to equip it. 5 Ranger don't give nyerk about surviving Ranger like more pew pew Ranger for AP. Aion NA Classic 2. Templar is the ultimate tank of Aion Classic, so much so that they are temporarily able to go nearly invincible while keeping the enemy distracted. . Generally you have a choice between 2-3 stigma builds with a few small variations per class and then gear choices give more. Elemental screen: Elemental defence + 20%. 2 Weapons 2. The stigma build used is Spirit Bundling one, which is a buff that make ur spirit disappear if used (and removes the buff if u summon a spirit). To facilitate this, we ask that all members of the forums follow a set of guidelines known as the NCSOFT Forum Code of Conduct;. Only skill you cant do while. Lowers Physical Attack of the enemies within a 7m radius of you by 300 for 15s. Gladiators make for an excellent off-tank, but are also notable for their ability to deal AoE damage with several two-handed skills and polearms, or. Posted July 6, 2022 SO I've asked in /4 and tried searching for classic stigma setups but I'm not finding anything definitive. You need to have good control of your pet to get the best out of this build. Back in the days i played a chanter and for now I plan on playing a heal cleric. Combine the four required pieces to create the Forged Aion Signet. Talk with Koruchinerk . Neak53 EpicNPC Verified. List of. ago. The following changes will be coming to the game during this maintenance:ID: 11275: Cracking the Stigma Threshold: Quest Type: Quest Category: Greater Stigma Quest Level: 999 Elyos OnlyInsert manastone Alt+Click - Insert into all item slots Ctrl+Click - Insert into all itemsMore Fandoms. Unwavering Devotion I. Gladiator in aion is extremely fun and one of the strongest classes in both solo and 6v6 (classic has a 6v6. 1. No Voice Commentary for this video. 9. For a mixture of PVE grinding stuff, Glad/Sin/Sorc and Chanter/Cleric can do a lot of stuff late game duo! st0n3slayer • 2 yr. 3 Armor 2. Aion 4game - Server: PTSLIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you like the video!Follow me on Twitch: Chanter Solo. 8. Hello, I gave up Aion Classic, Right now im selling my account which includes 2 accounts inside gameforge. So I´d like to start over and still want to play my Bard. Watch as I run in circles for 10 minutes talking about stigmas I use during pvp. Ranger is a much easier class to play than an Assassin. Support chanter was a thing but with a staff and a cleric main healing. Gladiator is S tier when it comes to group pvp and RvR. 1108When I would need to name most powerful classes of Aion Classic then chanter class would be on that list for sure. Ranger is stressful but highly rewarding. 10-03-2020. Dualwield glad is fucking awesome, top dps, but is only good for pve, so get your dw weps at lv50 endgame before that it doesnt matter. 4 Role in PvE 2. Atreia - Asmodian EU Classic 1 with Cleric level 55 steel rake gear 1 Ranger +10 Tahabata 50 pvp with fused bow full crit stones / Blind Godstone PVP +11 tac nco double fused full. True true, but when i look at the dps tree for chanters, you will find our highest skill talking about all ADV stigs/daeva, you will find that our highest skill is Resonating Dance 3. Sword or mace is probably best. I mained ranger from Aion launch to early 2012. So, I'll start off with a couple of questions relating. LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you like the video!Follow me on Twitch: (Timestamps):00:00 Classes Intro00:45 Templar vs. Posted June 3, 2019. Deals 16~20 physical damage to the target. 7 update, including the details on the new Revenant class, what to expect from their introductory storyline, updated items and dungeons, additional class skills, and more!Discussion / Ranger Vs Sorc VS Assassin. 5 and after => what we will play. My PvE stigma build: Meteor Strike and Rain of Knuckles are essential in PvE because of their good damage output. Aion Classic Guides. They contain the spirits of our ancestors. I think my all time ingame time for aion is around 10k hours and I never played chanter. What do you all use? Currently not fully expanded but using: Beastial Fury Focused Shots Silence Arrow Sleep Arrow Bow of Blessing Neferupito Daeva 84 Posted July 6, 2022 pvp > sleep + silence. After Aion patch 1. 3) Siege, well you have an advantage due to being a ranged character. Support chanter was a thing but with a staff and a cleric main healing. Get your Aion Classic gear on point with our easy-to-use gear calculator. 4. #1. grade you will gain some 1k attack with some 20-22% crit chance from food and the rest sources (i. I erased by mistake the SM part, historicaly they were always one of the strongest classes in PvP. 6 was not a good patch for chanters, since your overall perfirmance is skill-wise. HD disponible pour une vidéo de meilleure qualité. - Japanese section of the database was updated to version 7. 15min*11 = a bit less than 3 hours. Follow me on Twitch: / society0fgaming Aion Classic in Korea have get a new update with new stigmas for all classes which drop as main reward in new PVE. A few things worth noting: Focused Shot Stigma. Blue 2: Magic Implosion. Assassin’s Stigma SkillsDepends if you like challenge. 45-48 Greater Stigma Box [Event] Level 50 Heroic Stigma Box. I personally find the Healing Conduit (which regains HPs not MPs as noted on the tooltip) and Promise of Aether Stigma Lines a total waste and instead would chose any other stigma to fill my last spot. However, in Solo PvP your long cool downs might be a problem. On top of that, the whole idea of having limited stigma slots or grade limitations. gif Silence Arrow I (stigma)Start taking your ranger into Evergale Canyon everyday, asap. ~Don't be afraid to ask me questions in the comments below. 7 NA, with new Revenant/Executor class and new stigmas, now available. and ranger cc's became very useless and unpredictable unless u build full MA which was trash to build. Hello, I gave up Aion Classic, Right now im selling my account which includes 2 accounts inside gameforge. X and onwards continued to get worse. Hover your mouse over the Buff, once it reaches 3 seconds left, start running to the other “Drana Lump” you cleared. Due to this, the Templar is lacking in high damage skills and is considered to have one of the lowest DPS rates in Aion. . The general idea is to weave (auto attack cancel) after every two damage skills while under the effects of focused shots. I already had +6 stigmas from the 5. 2. NOTE: This page shows only base skill damage values for a character without any equipment. It’s nearly time for the next chapter in AION Classic! Read on to review the patch notes for the 2. And as a ranger people are going to kite your damage especially if you have Bestial. Muito Obrigado por Assistir!! - Thanks for watching!Canal Gameplay de Aion e muitos outros jogos !! Deixem as Duvidas nos comentarios. Stigma Master Miriya was unjustly accused of conspiring with the Shulacks. /r/Aion is dedicated to discussion about the…I recently started playing Aion and I'm having a blast with the Spiritmaster class Currently level 45 and looking for help to optimise DPS (skill rotations and other tips) All the guides I have found seemed outdated and mentioned skills that don't seem to exist anymore or use acronyms and slangs I don't understand since I'm new to the game So if anyone has a. It's a small, black stone surrounded by an evil aura. 4. -Agonizing Arrow. 4. The previous poster just gave you a tiny (but important) taste when he/she referred to how elemental resist, for example, is increased when CC skills are used. Some people also take Spirit Ruinous Offense instead of MI too because it provides decent damage. 3) Profit. " This the mine and bring back 5 quest items to Poa also count). Daevan Mages prefer to keep away from enemies, using spells to slow,. When you are finished with all of this, fly one is pretty easy. Well, that's hard to archive, but try to have a full DPS (Crit/MA) and a defensive gear (Magic resist is pretty fine, when using shield+mace);Posted April 23, 2020. Hello Community, im offering my LVL 44 Ranger on SIEL, Elyos side. upgrade to 30 while 40 could provide different set bonuses e. Save & Share build. Stigma choice now is even more loose than in 4. PvE Discussion. . Need tips for Ranger. . PvP MR = Abyss (AP) gears. It’s nearly time for the next chapter in AION Classic! Read on to review the patch notes for the 2. LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you like the video!Follow me on Twitch: Classic in Korea have get a new update with new stigm. They have a good. Leveling Templar with PVP build. stigma builds are very depended on play style, i run full pvp setup (infernal pain) with fear shriek and WOP (fire spirit buff for dps) and i do good dmg on pve dungeons. I already had +6 stigmas from the 5. • Chanter • Cleric • Gunslinger • Songweaver. I also provided a demonstration of my typical starting DPS rotation. In this case the level of Vision Stigmas will be the same as the Stigma's of the lowest enchantment level. 6 was not a good patch for chanters, since your overall perfirmance is skill-wise. Dialogs: You must be careful when handling Stigma stones. 8, where you could upgrade you Fallusha Gear. Posted June 13, 2022 (edited) Here's one, but the info are as of 7. Apr 4th 2023. 03-04-2020. [ASSASSIN, CLASSIC] Balance Asmodian/Elyos Assassin Skills 11 Replies, 3,162 Views, 7 months agoCleric is better than chanter in healing, but chanter is good too, because of the buffs that in brings, although heals are not as good as clerics, and they dont have dispell, to remove debuffs, so i would recommend. Posted July 6, 2022 SO I've asked in /4 and tried searching for classic stigma setups but I'm not finding anything definitive. I dont really know how to ask this but I felt at lv 10 compared to lv 10 sorcs the ranger got the poop end of the stick. NCsoft made it so easy for clerics that you can heal in CL stigma build if you want to. I erased by mistake the SM part, historicaly they were always one of the strongest classes in PvP. Melee physical attacker using 2-handed swords to deal damage. This becomes the. Except if you are a fully stigma-enchanted chanter, you're not running WoL in a solo/dps build. What attack, crit and accuracy stats do you recommend for templar end game lvl 55, currently I'm at 630 attack with GS, 13k HP and 2350 accuracy. 1vX:SM>Templar (easiest and safest to play)>Sorc>Gladiator (with good mechanics and ping) Rangers and Chanters are the easiest class I say for newer players getting used to PvP. ya heart shot yoluna gideceksin ya da explosion arrow. Welcome! Welcome to the Aion Forums, we’re very pleased to have you here! We want to make these forums a positive environment for you to discuss Aion related topics, and to give us your feedback on the game. Ahora bien, de forma constante no es tan eficiente: el estilo de juego consistirá en soltar una descarga de mucho daño y después esperar a que tus habilidades más fuertes se recarguen hasta poder lanzar otra. You will get that vision stigma. Start Brusthonin/ Theobomos campaigns. I played cleric back in the day as I absolutely love the cleric template in aion. Forces a target within 15m to fall asleep for 12s. However, the target's All Elemental Defense increases by 500. Ranger is stressful but highly rewarding. I'll link some guides here but be sure to check. 7 ranger DPS rotation & weaving (DPS Stigma Build)Stigma calculator for Aion classic. When you make a scout, do /ping. The aim is to avoid being seen and certainly to avoid being hit. Ranger Stigma. You'll excel if you have people around you with good communication. Inflicts [Weapon Min]~ [Weapon Max] physical damage on the target, and you are pushed back 25m. However, the target's All Elemental Defense increases by 500. Word of Life became a very good skill if you take in consideration how it used to be underwhelming in earlier patches (A minor group healing. Crafting: Cooking 399 , Alchemy 200. I'm not exactly the glad expert but. Then spam Adma/Theo/Draupnir cave for Lannok/Theo/Bakarma bow. So from Genesis Crystal Dagger to Intense Battle Dagger you get 60 Attack. Weaving is an important mechanic to dish out as much DPS as possible on Aion. …Bard. Info: Slowmotions, Zooms and Lyrics are there to entertain and make the. Manastones contain a certain statistic and a certain value. jump just as you initiate a special shot that requires you to stand. Also depends on what ping/latency you have in game. Yes, Aion Live servers are dead but Aion Classic EU is a new game incoming soon. Yeni başlayanlar için giriş rehberi serimizin dördüncü videosu olan ASSASSIN sınıfı hakkında bilgilere yer verdim önemli olanlara değindim unutulmuş olanlar. 9 (Classic). 2K views 11 months ago A quick overview of the Full DPS Stigmas i use for. Today i talk about how to mana stone and build a better Ranger here in Aion EU free to playWelcome to EIP Gaming! EIP Gaming is a site for gamers looking for and ! We cover a variety of games including World of Warcraft, , , HOI4, , Skyrim, , , , , The Forgotten City, , , , Mages in Aion Classic function the same way they do in most RPGs, as glass cannons. 0. You can see the original posting of this guide by clicking here. Target: Area within a Radius of Target. Svizev. Class. For the offhand weapon it can be either another dagger, sword or mace. Get your Assassin or Ranger to pull the boss to the “Drana Lump” and ideally he will start eating it, which will give him a buff that increases the damage you deal to him. Sigil Strike VI. ). 7, then take away all content over lvl50, dredgion, Dark Poeta, Kromede Trial and other content that came 1. Also macc helps your godstone as well, because even godstones can be resisted (blind, silence, etc). Please Post Rotations and what its mostly used for, Please keep things simple, People can figure out everything else for ranger from all the other Threads out there, such as weaving, jump shot, slide shot, Ping, manastones etc. 6-4. She used the information inside to give you another Stigma slot. pve stigma build: - Focused Shots. What do you all use? Currently not fully expanded but. Join the Defence of Atreia. In January, Aion: Classic combined several features from Korea’s 1. Also, the multiple builds is just buying more stigmas and switching them out. If we ever get 55 then you either need to go lightening arrow build for mobile PVP or Agonizing Arrow for heavy burst static PVP. Keep the AT ones you need and sell all the others on the broker, then use that kinah to turn around and continue buying the stigmas you need. Yeni başlayanlar için giriş rehberi serimizin altıncı videosu olan CHANTER sınıfı hakkında bilgilere yer verdim önemli olanlara değindim unutulmuş olanlar va. Recovers HP by 35% and increases Maximum HP by 35% and Strike Fortitude by 500 for 1m. 2 version. Assassin Stigma. Song: M83 - Lower Your Eyelids To Die With The Sun Defensive Stigma Build This will net you the Invincibility Mantra in the end Aion Armory - Chanter Stigma Calculator - By Terhix . Leveling Templar with PVP build. Empyrean Fury I. For highest dps/solo farming pet build is best: Build. You may not stack multiple ranks of the same stigma in order to avoid the cooldown of the ability. Nowadays, most stigmas are pretty cheap, so if you just combine stigmas until your. The Ranger is also a master with various traps, making it both a formidable opponent on its own and a valued member of any group. Ranger is decent in classic as well at end game, but it dies instantly in pvp. We are talking "classic" aion and nothing after 3. This should be your only vision stigma for PvP and don't be afraid to use stopping power for it. . Weaving, Should I Be Doing It, and How? X. Is the dramatic decrease in damage as intended - or -Stigma Support Package. So you effectively remove kinah from the server. Chanter : need advice to play as it's the first time I play this class. PvE dps = Infinity Shard probably. In todays video I will show you all skills & skillbooks of. The middle is difficult to judge. Extends when attacking. The target is sometimes stunned for 3s. Open the Signet for a random reward. Also do your stigma quests. 90. Plan your next moves and dominate the game like a pro! The line of 3 skills, the columns side by side are the greater stigmas so if you have those 2 skills with the major stigma associated. Also please refer to the classic D&D picture above. Gahtering: Essencetapping 399. Spiritmaster. 46 544 XP. Deals 443~447 physical damage to a target within 15m of you and up to 18 enemies within a 10m radius of the target, and decreases their Physical Def by 600 for 30s. For leveling, with the slow arrow and the sleep arrow stigma, you can solo elites pretty well. aion online asasin ve ranger clasları Stigma ve daevanion yetenekleripve ve pvp dizimleriHello, in this video I will provide a basic overview of the PvE Stigmas that I use for end game dungeons in Aion 6. 7 version of classes, mechanics (like stigmas) Consider it more this way : look what the game was at 2. Ambush V. 0 EU and 2. There is no way to have like different tabs to switch between builds, you have to manually swap the. Creating 1 character and making it lvl 10 only takes around 10-15 min now. Forces a target within 15m to fall asleep for 12s. Here I will talk about how a lvl 40+ assassin choose the Stigma stone. PvE Discussion. 5 each class will gain access to roughly six new stigma stones (abilities). - Splash Swing (Chanter)Cleric Gear/Stigmas in 5. Become an active member of the Aion community and meet new friends on our gaming forums. They also pay extremely small rewards. 0. Fantasy. Ranger PvE/PvP Guide. But this what I remember: PvE heal = Kahrun. There are Stigma Builds and Manastone Builds: Stigmas: The good: Trap of Slowing is great for PvE. Plan your next moves and dominate the game like a pro! Ranger. However the lack of flight speed and a speed stat on. (6. Assassins are among the deadliest classes in Aion Classic when it comes to their DPS, making them a powerful character for all game modes — of course, requiring different approaches for each.